概念性探討生活在非穆斯林主體建構社會的穆斯林型態 (草稿)

生活在非穆斯林主體建構社會的穆斯林，大致有三種型態。第一種型態是族群化，即外來穆斯林來到該地，很自然物以類聚，找尋屬於自己的群體(如同一個種族、語言與文化相近)。如在台灣的巴基斯坦與印尼穆斯林是個典型的範例。

第二個型態是去中心化，即沒有一個統一的穆斯林領導機構，而是出現數個具有相同功能的穆斯林團體，協助穆斯林大眾爭取宗教實踐(如禮拜場地、清真飲食、墓地)的權益。

第一種與第二種型態通常有重疊之處，即以族群為導向的穆斯林分別成立穆斯林組織，但其成效如何仍有待觀察。

至於第三種型態，則是以個人為導向，不盲從群體組織意識的城市穆斯林。這一類的穆斯林可算是另類的遊牧民族，不以特定的清真寺或穆斯林協會為隸屬單位，而是以理念為導向，但這是少數中的少數。

透過這三種型態為分析單位，或許可以深入了解穆斯林在台灣的現況。

Anti-Islam Movement Has New Rallying Cry — Let’s Delete Verses of the Quran

YOU THINK LIFE is bad for Muslims in Trump’s America? Spare a thought for the Muslims of France.

Over the past few years, they have been collectively blamed, and punished, for a series of horrific terror attacks carried out in France by so-called “jihadists.” The latest, a knife attack in Paris by a man shouting “Allahu Akbar,” killed one person and injured four others last weekend.

While anti-Muslim bigotry has become a hallmark of the Republican right in America, in France it is a truly bipartisan affair. Islamophobia is peddled by left and right alike, with both socialists and conservatives falling over one another to defend French secularism, or laïcité, by demonizing French Muslims.

Consider: Successive French governments have criminalized the face veiland banned the headscarf in schools. French mayors have targeted Muslim women who want to cover up at the beach and Muslim schoolkids who try to have a pork-free lunch. The French president — and new liberal hearthrob — Emmanuel Macron has introduced draconian counter-terror legislation that United Nations human rights experts have warnedcould have a discriminatory impact on Muslims in particular.